“Telomerase gene therapy in adult and old mice delays aging and increases longevity without increasing cancer.” Maria Blasco et al.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1002/emmm.201200245?utm_source=chatgpt.com
• Digital publication: May 15, 2012
• Journal: EMBO Molecular Medicine
• Vector used: Adeno-associated virus AAV9
• Gene carried: mTERT, mouse telomerase
• Administration: Intravenous injection in mice, not an infusion tested in humans
• Result: Median survival increased by 24% in treated mice at one year of age and by 13% in those treated at two years, with no observed increase in cancer in this experiment.
The technique does not involve introducing the pre-made telomerase enzyme into the virus. The DNA encoding TERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is introduced into a modified viral vector. The vector delivers this DNA to the cells, which then temporarily produce the TERT protein.
In María Blasco's study, a recombinant adeno-associated virus of serotype 9, called AAV9-mTERT, was used.
1. Obtaining the TERT gene
The process begins with the complementary DNA (cDNA) of mTERT, that is, the sequence that allows the production of the mouse TERT protein. For a human application, hTERT would have to be used, but this does not equate to a validated human therapy.
2. Construction of the expression cassette
The mTERT cDNA is placed inside a genetic construct that contains:
• A promoter, which instructs the cell to initiate expression. The study used the CMV promoter.
• The mTERT gene.
• Regulatory signals to terminate and stabilize the RNA. • At the ends, the AAV ITR sequences, necessary for the therapeutic DNA to be packaged.
The conceptual structure would be:
ITR — CMV promoter — mTERT — regulatory signal — ITR
3. Vector Production
The construct is introduced into producer cells along with auxiliary systems that provide, separately:
• The proteins necessary to replicate and package the vector DNA.
• The capsid proteins of the AAV9 serotype.
• The auxiliary functions necessary to produce the particles.
This separation is important: the finished therapeutic vector does not normally receive all the genes necessary to reproduce autonomously. It is a genetic transfer vehicle, not a fully replicative wild-type AAV.
4. Packaging
The producer cells manufacture AAV9 capsids and package the genetic cassette between the ITRs inside them. The result is a particle:
• Exterior: AAV9 protein capsid.
• Interior: DNA with the mTERT gene. • Without the complete viral machinery necessary to multiply in the patient.
Subsequently, the vector is recovered, purified, and subjected to controls for identity, potency, purity, sterility, endotoxins, empty particles, and replication-competent viruses. Manufacturing for human use would have to be carried out under GMP conditions and with regulatory authorization.
5. Entry into the organism and expression
In mice, AAV9-mTERT was administered intravenously. The AAV9 capsid facilitated the vector's entry into different tissues. Inside the cell nucleus:
1. The vector DNA is released.
2. This remains primarily as extrachromosomal or episomal DNA.
3. The CMV promoter drives mTERT transcription.
4. The cell produces TERT protein.
5. TERT associates with the RNA component of telomerase and other cellular elements.
6. Functional telomerase is formed, capable of acting on telomeres. AAV is considered predominantly non-integrative, but the risk of integration cannot be considered absolutely zero.
Key limitation: This was an experimental test in mice. It does not demonstrate that administering AAV9-hTERT to healthy individuals is safe or effective. Prolonged TERT activation could promote the survival of precancerous cells, and there are also immunological, hepatic, biodistribution, and vector removal risks once administered.
Therefore, a human application should not be considered a simple “telomerase infusion,” but rather an advanced gene therapy medicinal product that would require preclinical studies, GMP manufacturing, regulatory approval, and a formal clinical trial.
Enviar comentarios